婊垮涵鑺宠尪寤犲骇钀戒簬涓湅閻佃闊崇儚榫嶈尪涔嬮剦(xi膩ng)—-绂忓缓鐪佸畨婧福锛屽父骞翠簯闇х箽绻烇紝鏃ョ収鍏呰冻锛屽勾骞冲潎姘ｆ韩18° C锛屽勾闄嶉洦閲�1700—1900姣背宸﹀彸锛屽湡澹や互绱呭￥銆侀粌澹ょ偤涓伙紝閫欏ぉ鐒剁殑鍦扮悊浣嶇疆鍜岀壒瀹氱殑姘ｅ�欐浠讹紝浣块�欓噷鐨勭┖姘ｃ�佸湡澹ゅ拰姘磋唱(zh矛)鍧囩劇浠讳綍姹℃煋锛岀偤鍏ㄧ悆*鐨勭儚榫嶈尪銆侀惖瑙�闊崇ó妞嶅湴銆傜従(xi脿n)鎿佹湁500澶氱暆鑼跺湌锛屽勾鐢�(ch菐n)閲忛仈400澶氬櫢锛涘叕鍙镐互鍒堕�犮�佸姞宸ャ�侀姺鍞偤涓�楂斾富鐕熻尪钁夈�佺爺鍒跺畨婧儚榫嶈尪锛堝畨婧惖瑙�闊炽�侀粌閲戞銆佹湰灞便�佹瘺锜广�佹鍗犵瓑锛夛紝鑹叉兢榛涚稜锛屽舰濡傜弽鐝狅紝婀壊閲戦粌锛屽懗閱囬鐖斤紝棣欐埃鐛ㄧ壒锛岀尪浼肩帀铇悙鑺姵锛岄枊鐧�(f膩)浜嗕竴绯诲垪褰��侀銆佽壊銆佸懗鐛ㄥ叿涓�鏍肩殑鐑忛緧鑼剁殑绯诲垪鐢�(ch菐n)鍝侊紝璁撴洿澶氱殑浜鸿獚璀樸�佸搧鍢楀埌楂樺搧璩�(zh矛)鐨勭儚榫嶈尪閻佃闊崇殑闊诲懗锛岀湡姝ｆü绔嬪鎴跺績涓殑鑹ソ褰㈣薄锛屼笉鏂风爺鍒跺嚭绗﹀悎娑堣不鑰呴渶姹傜殑鑼惰憠鐢�(ch菐n)鍝併�傜悰鐗屽悕鑼朵互鐢熸厠(t脿i)銆佺稜鑹层�佸仴搴峰幓鍗犻牁(l菒ng)甯傚牬锛屾墦鍑鸿嚜宸辩殑澶╁湴銆傜偤纰轰繚鐞涚墝鑼惰憠鐨勫仴搴峰搧璩�(zh矛)锛屾垜鍊戦�氶亷闆嗕腑閫ｇ墖褰㈡垚鑼惰憠鍩哄湴锛屽毚鎶婅唱(zh矛)閲忔簮闋棞(gu膩n)锛屽緸璧峰鐠�(hu谩n)绡�(ji茅)灏卞仛鍒拌尪钁夌殑瀹夊叏鍜屽仴搴凤紝鍔姏妲�(g貌u)寤�“鍏徃+鍩哄湴+杈�(n贸ng)鎴�”鐨勭敓鐢�(ch菐n)鏍煎眬銆傚悓鏅傦紝澶у姏妲�(g貌u)寤哄拰璜у仴搴风殑鑼舵枃鍖栭珨绯汇�傛豢搴姵鑼跺粻鏄叏鍦嬪悇鍦拌尪鍟嗐�佽尪寤犮�佽尪钁夊叕鍙哥殑閻佃闊抽粌閲戞鏈北姣涜煿姊呭崰绛夎唱(zh矛)鍎�(y艒u)鍍瑰鐨勯惖瑙�闊崇儚榫嶈尪渚涙噳鍟嗐�傚叕鍙镐互“瑾犱俊*銆佽唱(zh矛)閲忎繚璀�”鐐虹稉(j墨ng)鐕熷畻鏃紝鏈憲“璨ㄧ湡銆佸児瀵︺�佽唱(zh矛)鍎�(y艒u)銆佸畧淇�”鐨勬柟閲濓紝渚涙噳閻佃闊崇儚榫嶈尪姣涜尪<甯舵>鎴栫簿鍒惰尪锛岀偤鍏ㄥ湅鍚勫湴鑼跺晢銆佽尪搴椼�佽尪妯撱�佽尪椁ㄣ�佽尪绀俱�佽尪鑾娿�佽尪鍧娿�佽尪杌掋�佽尪鑻戙�侀厭搴椼�侀厭妯撱�佸晢鍫淬�佽秴甯傜瓑鎻愪緵浜嗕究鍒╋紝鎵圭櫦(f膩)閵峰敭锛屽児鏍煎鎯犮�傜簿缇庡寘瑁濄�佽碁蹇冩倕鐩紝鎴戝�戣尪钁夋洿鏄蛋瑕帰鍙嬬殑濂界Ξ鍝侊紝姝¤繋寤ｅぇ娑堣不鑰呰伅(li谩n)绯昏▊璩硷紝鍚屾檪锛屼篃鐔卞勘姝¤繋鍚勭晫鏈嬪弸鍏夎嚚鎯犻¨銆佹唇璜囥�佹寚灏庛�佸悎浣滐紝鍏卞壍(chu脿ng)缇庡ソ鏈締锛�
鍝佺ó榻婂叏銆佹獢娆″垎鏄庛�佺敘(ch菐n)鍦扮洿閵枫�佹暩(sh霉)閲忓厖瓒炽�佽唱(zh矛)閲忎繚璀夈�佸児鏍煎鎯犵殑瀹夋邯鑼朵緵鎳夊晢銆�
瑾犱俊鍜岃唱(zh矛)閲忔槸鎴戝�戦暦鏈熷悎浣滅殑鍩虹锛岃尪鍍瑰鎯犳槸鎴戝�戝叡鍚岄枊鎷撳競鍫淬�佹埌(zh脿n)鍕濈鐖殑淇濊瓑锛佺従(xi脿n)闈㈠悜鍏ㄥ湅鍚勫湴鑼跺晢鎻愪緵瀹夋邯鑼跺ぇ鎵圭櫦(f膩)銆�
缍�(j墨ng)鐕熷畻鏃細浠ヨ唱(zh矛)閲忓児鏍兼眰鐢熷瓨锛屼互鐧惧勾淇¤璎�鐧�(f膩)灞曘��